Recognition of the common signs and symptoms of concussion combined with pertinent physical examination findings, concussion assessment tools aid with proper identification and triage of patients. Consensus guidelines have delineated return to play protocol and treatment regimen for these patients and athletes. The goal of treatment for concussion is important to limit long-term deleterious effects that can result from single or multiple injuries to the brain. Concussive brain injury results in transient neuronal dysfunction in the absence of gross anatomic lesion on imaging. It is a functional disturbance. Thus, excitatory neurotransmitters, most notably glutamate, are dispersed. Glutamate binds to a N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor on the cell membrane, resulting in calcium influx to the cell and ultimately disrupting mitochondrial energy production.

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